Design thinking resource

After Action Reviews

A structured team discussion that examines what happened, why it happened and how future performance can be improved.

Focus on learning rather than blame

The purpose of an After Action Review is not to identify who was responsible for problems. Instead, it focuses on understanding what occurred and how future outcomes can be improved.

Creating a safe and respectful environment encourages participants to share insights honestly and openly. This enables teams to identify valuable learning opportunities that might otherwise remain hidden.

The discussion should focus on collective learning and future improvement rather than criticism or fault-finding.

Compare expectations with reality

One of the most valuable aspects of an After Action Review is comparing what was expected to happen with what actually occurred.

Differences between planned and actual outcomes often reveal important insights about assumptions, decision-making, communication and execution. Understanding these gaps helps teams improve future planning and implementation.

This process encourages critical thinking and helps convert experience into practical knowledge.

Capture learning while it is fresh

Unlike formal reviews that may occur months after completion, After Action Reviews are typically conducted soon after an activity concludes.

Because experiences remain fresh in participants' minds, observations and reflections are often more detailed and accurate. Immediate reflection also allows organisations to act on lessons quickly before similar situations arise again.

This makes After Action Reviews particularly useful for projects that involve rapid cycles of implementation and learning.

Put the method to work

Put After Action Reviews into practice

Review intended outcomes

Discuss what was expected to happen and the objectives that guided the activity.

Examine actual outcomes

Explore what occurred and identify significant successes, issues and surprises.

Identify key lessons

Discuss contributing factors and determine what should be retained, improved or changed.

Apply learning

Share insights and integrate recommendations into future planning and execution.

Why it matters

What After Action Reviews makes possible

Encourages rapid learning

Teams can capture insights immediately while experiences remain fresh and relevant.

Strengthens collaboration

Open discussion encourages shared understanding and collective problem-solving.

Improves future performance

Insights gained can be applied directly to future projects and activities.

Builds a learning culture

Regular reflection reinforces the value of continuous improvement and knowledge sharing.

Related concepts

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